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Private pilot · ACS PA.XI.A · Instructor lesson plan

Night Operations

Student pack: Train: Night Operations · Full lesson: Prepare guide

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1 · Objective

By the end of this lesson your student can explain night operations in their own words and apply it to a realistic flight, to the ACS standard for PA.XI.A.

Why it matters for safety: Night flying removes the visual cues pilots rely on: the horizon, terrain, clouds and obstacles. Illusions and lost horizons lead to controlled flight into terrain, VFR flight into clouds you can’t see, and spatial disorientation. Understanding night vision, illusions and equipment makes night flight manageable and safe.

2 · Assign before the lesson

Pre-work: the free Train pack, Night Operations. Night vision, lights on the airport and the airplane, illusions, equipment, and currency.

Anyone can open this link, no account needed. To see who trained it on your roster, use a free instructor account.

Pack: pilotprep.pro/train/ppl/night-operations · Full lesson: pilotprep.pro/prepare/ppl/night-operations

3 · Teach sequence

Key points to land

  • Full dark adaptation takes about 30 minutes; bright light ruins it. Use dim, red or adjustable lighting and avoid bright lights before and during flight.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)
  • At night, look slightly to the side of an object (off-center viewing): the center of the eye sees poorly in the dark.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)
  • Required night equipment includes position lights, anticollision lights, a source of electricity, and one spare set of fuses (or three of each kind) accessible in flight, unless the airplane uses circuit breakers; a landing light is required only for hire.(14 CFR 91.205(c))
  • Other aircraft: red light is the left wing, green is the right, white is the tail. If you see a red light on a crossing airplane, it has the right of way.(Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C), Night Operations)
  • Airport lights: beacon white and green; runway edges white (yellow on the last 2,000 feet, or half the runway if less, on instrument runways); the threshold/end lights are green toward an arriving airplane and red toward the runway; taxiway edges blue.(AIM, Chapter 2, Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids)
  • Black-hole approaches over dark terrain make you feel higher than you are: use the PAPI or VASI and the altimeter.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)
  • "Night" has three meanings in the rules: lights on from sunset to sunrise (91.209); night time you log, from the end of evening civil twilight to the start of morning civil twilight (1.1); and for carrying passengers, 3 full-stop takeoffs and landings within 90 days, made from one hour after sunset to one hour before sunrise (61.57(b)).(14 CFR 1.1; 61.57(b); 91.209)

Night vision

  • Rods in the eye work in dim light; cones (center vision, color) work poorly at night. That’s why off-center viewing works better.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)
  • Dark adaptation takes about 30 minutes and a bright light destroys it. Dim the panel, avoid bright lights, and close one eye if you must look at a bright light.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)
  • Red light preserves dark adaptation but hides red markings on charts; use dim white light for chart reading.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)
  • Hypoxia affects night vision first: it deteriorates significantly at cabin altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, so supplemental oxygen at night from about 5,000 feet is recommended if available. Smoking and carbon monoxide reduce it further.(AIM, Chapter 8, Medical Facts for Pilots)
  • Navigate with lighted landmarks: cities, highways with traffic, airport beacons; plan routes that stay over lighted areas where possible.(Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C), Night Operations)

Airport and obstruction lighting

  • The rotating beacon flashes white and green at a lighted land airport. Runway edge lights are white, except on instrument runways, where yellow replaces white on the last 2,000 feet or half the runway, whichever is less (the caution zone). The threshold and runway end lights are one two-way fixture: green toward an arriving airplane, red toward the runway. Taxiway edges are blue and taxiway centerlines green.(AIM, Chapter 2, Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids)
  • Glidepath lights: PAPI, 2 white and 2 red on the path; 3 white slightly high, 4 white high; 3 red slightly low, 4 red low. VASI: red over white on the glidepath, all white high, all red low.(AIM 2-1-2)
  • Pilot-controlled lighting, where the Chart Supplement lists it (not every airport has it): always key the mic 7 times within 5 seconds first, which brings all controlled lights up at the highest intensity on 1-, 2- and 3-step systems; then 5 clicks for medium or 3 for low where fitted. The lights stay on about 15 minutes from the last activation, so key them again before final.(AIM, Chapter 2, Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids)
  • Obstructions (towers) are marked with red or flashing white lights. Know their heights from the chart, and fly above them.(AIM, Chapter 2, Aeronautical Lighting and Other Airport Visual Aids)
  • Taxi slower at night: distances are harder to judge, and signs and markings are harder to see.(Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C), Night Operations)

Equipment

  • For night VFR the airplane needs position lights, an approved anticollision light system, a source of electrical energy, and one spare set of fuses (or three spare fuses of each kind) accessible to the pilot in flight; an airplane with circuit breakers needs no spare fuses. A landing light is required only when flying for hire.(14 CFR 91.205(c))
  • Position lights must be on from sunset to sunrise.(14 CFR 91.209)
  • Bring personal equipment: at least two flashlights (one with red or dimmable light), spare batteries, and charts you can read in dim light.(Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C), Night Operations)
  • Inoperative equipment: check whether it’s required for night under 91.205 and 91.213 (and the KOEL or MEL). A failed position light is a night no-go. A failed landing light grounds the airplane at night only if you're flying for hire; on a private flight it doesn't by itself prohibit the flight, though prudence may.(14 CFR 91.205(c); 91.209; 91.213)
  • Fuel: at night the VFR reserve is 45 minutes at normal cruise after reaching the first point of intended landing (30 by day), considering wind and forecast weather.(14 CFR 91.151(a))

Traffic at night

  • Position lights: red on the left wingtip, green on the right, white on the tail. Seeing both red and green means it’s coming toward you.(Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C), Night Operations)
  • Seeing only a red light on a converging airplane means it’s crossing from your right: it has the right of way. Seeing only green means it’s crossing from your left.(Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C), Night Operations)
  • A steady white light ahead is the tail light of an airplane going the same way: you're overtaking it, it has the right of way, so alter course to the right and pass well clear.(14 CFR 91.113(f))
  • A light that doesn’t move in your windshield but grows bigger is on a collision course.(AC 90-48, Pilots' Role in Collision Avoidance)

Illusions and orientation

  • Black-hole approach: landing over dark terrain toward a lighted runway makes you feel high, so pilots fly too low. Use the glide slope lights and altimeter.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)
  • Autokinesis: a single light stared at in the dark appears to move. Keep your eyes moving.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)
  • False horizon: lights on the ground or stars can look like the horizon. Cross-check the attitude indicator.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)
  • Somatogravic illusion: a rapid acceleration, such as a night takeoff or go-around over dark terrain or water, feels like the nose pitching up, so pilots push forward into a descent toward the ground; a sudden deceleration feels like pitching down. Hold the climb attitude on the attitude indicator and confirm a positive climb on the altimeter and VSI.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)
  • Disorientation is more likely at night: keep a scan inside and outside, and avoid heads-down tasks in turns.(PHAK (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors)

Currency, proficiency, weather and runways

  • To carry passengers at night, you must have made, within the preceding 90 days, as sole manipulator of the controls, 3 takeoffs and 3 landings to a full stop in the same category, class and type (if a type rating is required), during the period from one hour after sunset to one hour before sunrise. That window is narrower than the night you log (end of evening civil twilight to start of morning civil twilight) and the night when position lights are required (sunset to sunrise). Example: a landing 30 minutes after sunset may be loggable night, and needs position lights, but doesn't count toward passenger currency.(14 CFR 61.57(b); 1.1; 61.51; 91.209)
  • Being legal isn’t the same as being proficient: if you haven’t flown at night recently, fly with an instructor or alone first.(Risk Management Handbook (FAA-H-8083-2A))
  • At night clouds are hard to see until you’re in them. Watch the temperature-dewpoint spread for fog, and avoid flights with low ceilings.(Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C), Night Operations)
  • Runway incursions are more likely at night: confirm runways and hold-short lines, and use landing and taxi lights.(AC 91-73, Parts 91 and 135 Single Pilot Procedures During Taxi Operations)

4 · Ask your student

In order: recall, then understanding, then applying it. Move up only when the answer shows it.

  1. Recall · What night currency do you need to carry passengers?

    A strong answer: Three takeoffs and landings to a full stop in the preceding 90 days, made between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise.

  2. Understand · Why does a black-hole approach make pilots land short?

    A strong answer: Without terrain cues, the lighted runway makes you feel higher than you are, so you fly a lower approach.

  3. Apply · You see a red light ahead to the right that isn’t moving in your windshield. What do you do?

    A strong answer: It’s an airplane crossing from my right on a collision course, and it has the right of way. Turn right to pass behind it, or change altitude.

Scenarios to talk through

  • Before a night flight you notice one position light isn’t working. Can you go?

    Sound decision: No. Position lights are required from sunset to sunrise. Get it fixed first.

  • You’re over a dark area and lose the horizon. What do you do?

    Sound decision: Use the attitude indicator and the instrument scan; keep your heading and altitude and fly toward lighted areas.

  • Your last night landing was 100 days ago and a friend wants to fly tonight. What do you do?

    Sound decision: You’re not current to carry passengers at night. First make three takeoffs and three full-stop landings, as sole manipulator, in the same category and class, between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise, solo or with an instructor.

5 · Common student errors

  • Using bright white lights in the cockpit.

    Why it matters: Destroys dark adaptation.

    How to correct it: Dim, red or adjustable lighting.

  • Staring at one light.

    Why it matters: Autokinesis.

    How to correct it: Keep scanning.

  • Flying a low approach over dark terrain.

    Why it matters: Black-hole illusion.

    How to correct it: Use the PAPI or VASI and the altimeter.

6 · Completion standard

  • Your student answers each "Ask your student" question in their own words, up to the Apply level, without prompting.
  • They talk through the scenarios and reach a safe, legal decision, explaining why.
  • They complete the pack’s quick check and can say what they flagged.

Area trained? Close out with a practice oral focused on PA.XI.A: pilotprep.pro/exam?exam=PPL&focus=PA.XI.A

7 · References

  • Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C), Night Operations
  • Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25C), Aeromedical Factors
  • Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), Chapter 2 (lighting) and Chapter 8 (medical)
  • 14 CFR, 61.57(b), 91.205(c), 91.209, 91.213
  • Private Pilot ACS (FAA-S-ACS-6C), Area XI
  • Airman Certification Standards, task PA.XI.A

PilotPrep instructor lesson plan, from the Night Operations lesson (checked against current FAA sources 2026-11-12). A study and teaching aid, not FAA guidance; teach to your own judgment and the current ACS.